function openPDF(p_file_path){ if (p_file_path != null && p_file_path != ""){ window.open(p_file_path, "pdf_win"); } } function doRollOut(p_obj_name){ if (p_obj_name != cur_char_btn && p_obj_name != cur_view_btn){ MM_swapImgRestore(); } } function setButtonGroup(p_index,p_obj_name,p_down_image_path,p_topic_image_path,p_init_down_image){ var l_div; if (p_index >= 0 && p_index < div_groups.length && p_index < btn_groups.length){ if (p_obj_name != null && p_obj_name != cur_char_btn){ if (cur_char_btn != "") { l_obj = MM_findObj(cur_char_btn); if (l_obj.oSrc != null)l_obj.src = l_obj.oSrc; } cur_char_btn = p_obj_name; //TODO: need to set image var l_obj; MM_swapImgRestore(); if (p_down_image_path != null) { l_obj = MM_findObj(p_obj_name); l_obj.src = p_down_image_path; } if (p_topic_image_path != null){ l_obj = MM_findObj("mTitle"); l_obj.src = p_topic_image_path; l_obj.oSrc = p_topic_image_path; } cur_view_btn = ""; cur_div_group = p_index; //change lesson plans list here l_div = document.getElementById("teacher_area"); if (l_div != null){ l_div.innerHTML = resource_groups[cur_div_group]; } //change button groups here l_div = document.getElementById("button_area"); if (l_div != null){ l_div.innerHTML = btn_groups[cur_div_group]; setCurrentView(0,"sbb_1",p_init_down_image); } } } } function setCurrentView(p_index,p_view_name,p_down_image_path){ if (cur_div_group >= 0 && cur_div_group < div_groups.length){ if (p_index >= 0 && p_index < div_groups[cur_div_group].length){ if (p_view_name != null){ if (cur_view_btn != "") { l_obj = MM_findObj(cur_view_btn); if (l_obj.oSrc != null)l_obj.src = l_obj.oSrc; } cur_view_btn = p_view_name; cur_div = p_index; if (p_down_image_path != null) { var l_obj = MM_findObj(p_view_name); if (l_obj != null){ if (l_obj.oSrc == null) l_obj.oSrc = l_obj.src; l_obj.src = p_down_image_path; } } var l_div = document.getElementById("content_area"); if (l_div != null){ l_div.innerHTML = div_groups[cur_div_group][cur_div]; l_div.style.visibility = "visible"; } } } } } function parseQuery(){ var query = window.location.search.substring(1); var pairs = query.split("&"); var pair,key; for (var i=0;i"; //Push 1_2 tmp_group[1]="

A Fighter
Lena Smith argued for the equal treatment of blacks, condemned police brutality against African Americans and led a pivotal battle against housing discrimination.

"; //Push 1_3 tmp_group[2]="

Home Movies
Home movies of Lena and her extended family, the Browns, give us a glimpse into the high quality of life Lena and her contemporaries were fighting to defend.

"; //Push 1_4 tmp_group[3]=""; div_groups[0]=tmp_group; tmp_group = new Array(4); //Push 2_1 tmp_group[0]="

Fred Jones
Inventor, racecar driver and self-taught engineer Frederick McKinley Jones is recognized as one of America's greatest inventors. A longtime resident of Hallock, Minnesota, Jones revolutionized the American food industry with his work on refrigerated transportation. He became the first African American to receive the national medal of technology and holds over 60 patents.

"; //Push 2_2 tmp_group[1]="

Race Car Driver
As a boy, Fred loved to work on automobiles. His passion landed him an engineer job near Hallock and a winning place on regional racetracks.

"; //Push 2_3 tmp_group[2]="

Inventor
When a Hallock doctor complained about hauling aching patients to the hospital, Fred Jones devised a portable x-ray machine. When Hallock's tiny theater couldn't afford a sound system, Fred built one. And when Fred's boss Joe Numero asked him to build the world's first refrigerated truck in less than 30 days, he rose to the challenge, making it possible to deliver perishable grocery items nationwide, year-round.

"; //Push 2_4 tmp_group[3]=""; div_groups[1]=tmp_group; tmp_group = new Array(4); //Push 3_1 tmp_group[0]="

Slave Case
In 1857, Emily Grey set foot on the banks of St. Anthony Falls. In Minnesota Territory, Emily took a stand against slavery. She attended a Congregational church that spoke out against it, named her son Toussaint after the leader of Haiti's slave revolt and sacrificed her own safety to free Eliza Winston - the slave of a visiting Southerner.

"; //Push 3_2 tmp_group[1]="

Pioneer Life
When Emily arrived in St. Anthony, she joined a small but growing community of African American pioneers. Her memoirs paint a picture of a friendly St. Anthony, full of neighbors who freely shared their time and taught her local customs.

"; //Push 3_3 tmp_group[2]="

Freeing Eliza
When Emily Grey helped free slave Eliza Winston in 1860, violence stirred in St. Anthony.

"; //Push 3_4 tmp_group[3]=""; div_groups[2]=tmp_group; tmp_group = new Array(4); //Push 4_1 tmp_group[0]="

Honeycutt
In 1900, Fergus Falls was home to over 50 African Americans. The first among them was Prince Albert Honeycutt, a Civil War vet with a successful barbershop business. In 1897, 18 black families joined him, lured to town by a real estate flyer, but the farmland they expected was scarce. Prince helped them find jobs. Still, their time in Fergus was short-lived. With WWI and the Depression, work dried up, and most left the area.

"; //Push 4_2 tmp_group[1]="

Rural Reality
In many ways, Fergus Falls embraced Prince as part of the community. Local whites frequented his barbershop business, he was elected Steward to the Fergus Falls Fire Association, and he played on the local baseball team. In 1896, Prince even ran for city mayor. Still, the ugly face of racism was no stranger to Fergus. When Honeycutt married a white woman, the local newspaper condemned the marriage as one of the most \"disgusting chapters in the history of this community.\"

"; //Push 4_3 tmp_group[2]="

Fergus Now
At the turn of this century, a new wave of migration is hitting Fergus Falls. Seen by many as a safe place to raise children and escape the difficulties of city life, the black population has been growing since the mid-90's. Ottertail County now boasts over 150 African Americans according to the 2000 census (up from 31 in 1990).

"; //Push 4_4 tmp_group[3]="

Growing Up in Fergus
Most blacks left Fergus during The Depression, but the Tate family remained. The Tates talk about growing up as the only black family in Fergus Falls.

"; div_groups[3]=tmp_group; tmp_group = new Array(4); //Push 5_1 tmp_group[0]="

Duluth
In June of 1920, six black circus workers were wrongly accused of raping a white Duluth woman. Rumors of the rape spread through Duluth like wildfire, and a mob of angry whites formed. The mob abducted three of the suspects, beat them and paraded them through town. The terrifying rampage ended at a lamppost in the middle of downtown Duluth. With thousands clamoring to watch, Elias Clayton, Elmer Jackson and Isaac McGhie were hanged.

"; //Push 5_2 tmp_group[1]="

Reaction
In this interview from 1974, black Duluth resident Ethel Ray Nance recalled how she and her father felt when they first heard about the lynchings.

"; //Push 5_3 tmp_group[2]="

Hidden Past
For years, Duluth's dark past was ignored and forgotten, but many local blacks knew the truth.

"; //Push 5_4 tmp_group[3]="

The Memorial
On October 10, 2003, at the same intersection as the lynchings, a new crowd gathered to dedicate a memorial to Clayton, Jackson and McGhee.

"; div_groups[4]=tmp_group; tmp_group = new Array(4); //Push 6_1 tmp_group[0]="

Rev. Hickman
In 1863, Missouri slave preacher Robert Hickman led a community of African Americans up the Mississippi on a raft to escape slavery. The group landed in St. Paul and formed Pilgrims Baptist Church, named for their courageous journey. The church has been an extended family for many blacks and continues to thrive today.

"; //Push 6_2 tmp_group[1]="

The Pilgrimage
Hickman's daring escape on the Mississippi posed both the danger of slavery and promise of freedom.

"; //Push 6_3 tmp_group[2]="

The Church Family
Like Rev. Hickman's St. Paul congregation, Minnesota's black churches have doubled as neighborhood-wide families for its members. Churches have been natural community centers, hosting everything from social gatherings to important political debates.

To this day, many African American churches in Minnesota continue in that tradition. For a list of such churches, visit the Community Reclamation Project website.

"; //Push 6_4 tmp_group[3]=""; div_groups[5]=tmp_group; btn_groups[0]="

"; btn_groups[1]="

"; btn_groups[2]="

"; btn_groups[3]="

"; btn_groups[4]="

"; btn_groups[5]="

"; resource_groups[0]="

"; resource_groups[1]="

"; resource_groups[2]="

"; resource_groups[3]="

"; resource_groups[4]="

"; resource_groups[5]="

"; query_str["quick_link"] = ""; parseQuery(); var l_link = query_str["quick_link"].toLowerCase(); switch (l_link){ case "lena": case "smith": case "lsmith": case "lena_smith": setButtonGroup(0,"LSmith","images/bb_LSmith_on.jpg","images/titles/Smith.gif","images/sbbImages/sbb_i1_Smith_on.gif"); break; case "fred": case "freddie": case "jones": case "fjones": case "fred_jones": case "freddie_jones": setButtonGroup(1,"FJones","images/bb_FJones_on.jpg","images/titles/Jones.gif","images/sbbImages/sbb_i1_Jones_on.gif"); break; case "grey": case "egrey": case "emily": case "emily_grey": case "slave": case "slave_case": setButtonGroup(2,"EGrey","images/bb_EGrey_on.jpg","images/titles/Grey.gif","images/sbbImages/sbb_i1_Grey_on.gif"); break; case "prince": case "prince_albert": case "honeycutt": case "phoneycutt": case "prince_honeycutt": case "prince_albert_honeycutt": setButtonGroup(3,"Honeycutt","images/bb_PHoneycutt_on.jpg","images/titles/Honeycutt.gif","images/sbbImages/sbb_i1_Honeycutt_on.gif"); break; case "duluth": case "lynchings": case "duluth_lynchings": case "clayton": case "jackson": case "mcghie": setButtonGroup(4,"Duluth","images/bb_Duluth_on.jpg","images/titles/Duluth.gif","images/sbbImages/sbb_i1_Dlth_on.gif"); break; case "reverend": case "robert": case "hickman": case "rhickman": case "robert_hickman": case "reverend_hickman": case "reverend_robert_hickman": setButtonGroup(5,"Hickman","images/bb_RHickman_on.jpg","images/titles/Hickman.gif","images/sbbImages/sbb_i1_Hckmn_on.gif"); break; default: setButtonGroup(-1); } document.getElementById("content_area").style.visibility = "visible"; preloadHomeImages(cur_div_group);